MAPACA

Mid-Atlantic Popular &
American Culture Association

Fiction marketed for girls at the turn of the 20th century largely grew out of the sentimental tradition. These texts borrow the sentimental genre’s emphasis on affective discipline and its trope of vulnerability as power. Eleanor H. Porter’s Pollyanna books offer fertile ground for an examination of how these tropes are adapted in turn-of the-century children’s novels. Porter’s protagonist yields her powers unconsciously. She is seemingly unaware of both her vulnerability and her power. Despite the loss of her parents, Pollyanna is not a figure of suffering or pity; she demonstrates a remarkable ability to find the good in any situation. Her infectious joy and unconsciousness of her own influence give her power in guiding the spiritual lives of her neighbors. Porter contrasts Pollyanna’s emphasis on gladness with adults who prioritize “duty” and fear over the spirit of generosity and love. Pollyanna’s “glad game” proves far more effective at transforming the community. Porter links this evangelical power specifically to her young female protagonist because the girl does not yet know enough of the evils of the world to doubt the power of her “game.” The text explores ways in which vulnerable populations can obtain power through sympathy and moral suasion. As a 20th century text, however, it also begins to interrogate this power, demonstrating the need for larger, institutional changes to address problems beyond its scope. Notably, Pollyanna begins to question her own philosophy when she encounters severe hardships and systemic problems. Porter acknowledges the limitations of affective discipline, while still relying on it as a tool that one can incite more systemic changes. Affective discipline is not enough to solve society’s ills, but its power, spread through a loving child’s example, can inspire adult converts to effect social change.